By Dr. Saul McLeod , published Carl Jung was an early supporter of Freud because of their shared interest in the unconscious. When the International Psychoanalytical Association formed in Jung became president at the request of Freud.
The following year this led to an irrevocable split between them and Jung went on to develop his own version of psychoanalytic theory. Most of Jung's assumptions of his analytical psychology reflect his theoretical differences with Freud. Jung disagreed with Freud regarding the role of sexuality.
He believed the libido was not just sexual energy, but instead generalized psychic energy. For Jung, the purpose of psychic energy was to motivate the individual in a number of important ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively. It was also an individual's motivational source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict. Like Freud and Erikson Jung regarded the psyche as made up of a number of separate but interacting systems.
The three main ones were the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. According to Jung, the ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of.
The ego is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. Like Freud, Jung , emphasized the importance of the unconscious in relation to personality. However, he proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers. The personal unconscious contains temporality forgotten information and well as repressed memories. Jung outlined an important feature of the personal unconscious called complexes. A complex is a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories that focus on a single concept.
The more elements attached to the complex, the greater its influence on the individual. Jung also believed that the personal unconscious was much nearer the surface than Freud suggested and Jungian therapy is less concerned with repressed childhood experiences. It is the present and the future, which in his view was the key to both the analysis of neurosis and its treatment.
This is his most original and controversial contribution to personality theory. The collective unconscious is a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are shared with other members of human species Jung, These ancestral memories, which Jung called archetypes, are represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams.
These universal predispositions stem from our ancestral past. Fear of the dark, or of snakes and spiders might be examples, and it is interesting that this idea has recently been revived in the theory of prepared conditioning Seligman, However, more important than isolated tendencies are those aspects of the collective unconscious that have developed into separate sub-systems of the personality. Jung called these ancestral memories and images archetypes. Jung believes symbols from different cultures are often very similar because they have emerged from archetypes shared by the whole human race which are part of our collective unconscious.
For Jung, our primitive past becomes the basis of the human psyche, directing and influencing present behavior. Jung claimed to identify a large number of archetypes but paid special attention to four. The persona or mask is the outward face we present to the world. This is the public face or role a person presents to others as someone different to who we really are like an actor.
Each sex manifests attitudes and behavior of the other by virtue of centuries of living together. The psyche of a woman contains masculine aspects the animus archetype , and the psyche of a man contains feminine aspects the anima archetype.
Next is the shadow. This is the animal side of our personality like the id in Freud. Find out which literary luminary is your stylistic soulmate. Takes one minute! Every character archetype has a unique set of strengths, flaws, and desires which drive their stories. Some of these archetypes are seemingly gender-specific, which is perhaps a result of gender roles that span back millennia.
Armed with a particular set of skills and the sheer force of their will, the hero will conquer the enemy and carry the day. This incredibly competent character will usually suffer a crisis of confidence at their lowest ebb — which they must overcome if they are to rise once more. This archetype usually follows a young or naive character who sees the world through rose-tinted glasses — until reality comes knocking.
For this kind of character, nothing is more important than the need to make something. In many stories, a creator will be an artist of some sort — willing to sacrifice their own well-being and relationships in the pursuit of this greater abstract goal.
Because of their single-minded vision, creators often pay the greatest personal price. Selflessness is the defining attribute of this character type. Our protagonist might encounter some sort of mentor character, who will prepare them for the trials ahead.
Sometimes this mentor is a parent. Other times, it might be a wizard or a suburban Karate teacher. Whatever form they take, they are there to guide our hero through the unknown. The original purpose of this archetype was probably to convince younger generations of people to listen to their older, frailer tribe-mates.
Desires: To help the hero push past their boundaries and make sense of the world. Examples: Magwitch in Great Expectations , Mr. The fool, the clown, the jester, the hedonist, the laid-back stoner. In myth, Jokers often act as a cautionary tale, warning people not to waste too much time in pursuit of pleasure. The aspiring masters of the universe. Driven by their inquisitive nature, Magicians seek enlightenment — but unlike the sages and mentors, they also want to impose their will on the world around them.
Magicians can easily impress others: even if they are not literal wizards, their abilities are beyond the comprehension of mere mortals. Heavy hangs the head that wears the crown. Any society needs a leader, but how does that leader cope with absolute power? What will they do to maintain control and order?
Do they rule with kindness and compassion or with an iron fist? In the face of an unjust society, they are the ones with the will to overthrow the status quo. A rebel might be a charismatic leader, but they also might work in secret. They can be a freedom fighter, or rock musician, or the girl in chemistry class with the purple highlights in her hair. Just like Meatloaf, this archetype will do anything for love.
They might be a prince, a pauper, a pop star or Sandra from HR — whoever they are, they have love in their lives and it makes them more driven and devoted than you can imagine. They might offer power, sex, love, money, or influence but remember, these things always come with strings attached. Following on from that, it stands to reason that there are also limited character arcs that a story can follow. With that in mind, how can an author make an archetype fresh?
Edward and Bella belong to the same archetype as those star-crossed lovers of Verona. The difference lies in the specifics: the way the characters speak, the Pacific Northwest setting, the fantastical conflict between vampires and werewolves. Every story has already been told, so focus on what matters most to readers: creating rich, specific worlds populated by people living specific lives, whose struggles are so grounded in realistic human behavior that their stories become universal — no matter where the reader is from.
What other character archetypes have we missed from this list? Drop them in the comments below along with your favorite example! Some numbers. There are 12 archetypes, for a total of 37 examples. On the other side, there is only 1 archetype without a male example, out of Of course the more "authoritative" archetypes - warrior, mentor, creator, magician - are a boy only preserve. I do not mean this as a critique to the author of the post, more as general observation about how skewed literature or movies, even pretty contemporary ones, can be.
It's a good point to bring up, I'm glad you clarified your motivation as well though some people will still react negatively. We ALL have a long way to go and a lot of work to do!
That's what I'm struggling with in interpreting the article.
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